本文根据 Devhints / Arel 翻译。代码示例及版本范围沿用原文。
关于
Arel 是一个 SQL 抽象库,内置于 Rails 平台上的 Ruby 中。
表
users = Arel::Table.new(:users)
users = User.arel_table # ActiveRecord model
字段
users[:name]
users[:id]
where (限制)
users.where(users[:name].eq('amy'))
# SELECT * FROM users WHERE users.name = 'amy'
select (投影)
users.project(users[:id])
# SELECT users.id FROM users
join
基本连接
在 ActiveRecord 中(不使用 Arel 时),如果 :photos 是关联名称,则使用 joins
users.joins(:photos)
在 Arel 中,如果 photos 被定义为 Arel 表,
photos = Photo.arel_table
users.join(photos)
users.join(photos, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(users[:id].eq(photos[:user_id]))
带条件的连接
users.joins(:photos).merge(Photo.where(published: true))
如果简单版本无法满足需求,且你想在其中添加更多的 SQL 语句:
users.join(
users.join(photos, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin)
.on(photos[:user_id].eq(users[:id]).and(photos[:published].eq(true)))
)
高级连接
多重 joins 针对同一张表,但具有不同的含义和/或条件
creators = User.arel_table.alias('creators')
updaters = User.arel_table.alias('updaters')
photos = Photo.arel_table
photos_with_credits = photos
.join(photos.join(creators, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(photos[:created_by_id].eq(creators[:id])))
.join(photos.join(updaters, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(photos[:assigned_id].eq(updaters[:id])))
.project(photos[:name], photos[:created_at], creators[:name].as('creator'), updaters[:name].as('editor'))
photos_with_credits.to_sql
# => "SELECT `photos`.`name`, `photos`.`created_at`, `creators`.`name` AS creator, `updaters`.`name` AS editor FROM `photos` INNER JOIN (SELECT FROM `photos` LEFT OUTER JOIN `users` `creators` ON `photos`.`created_by_id` = `creators`.`id`) INNER JOIN (SELECT FROM `photos` LEFT OUTER JOIN `users` `updaters` ON `photos`.`updated_by_id` = `updaters`.`id`)"
# after the request is done, you can use the attributes you named
# it's as if every Photo record you got has "creator" and "editor" fields, containing creator name and editor name
photos_with_credits.map{|x|
"#{photo.name} - copyright #{photo.created_at.year} #{photo.creator}, edited by #{photo.editor}"
}.join('; ')
limit / offset
users.take(5) # => SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 5
users.skip(4) # => SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 4
聚合
users.project(users[:age].sum) # .average .minimum .maximum
users.project(users[:id].count)
users.project(users[:id].count.as('user_count'))
order
users.order(users[:name])
users.order(users[:name], users[:age].desc)
users.reorder(users[:age])
使用 ActiveRecord
User.arel_table
User.where(id: 1).arel
利用 Arel 编写整洁的代码
大部分巧妙的逻辑都应放在作用域(scopes)或 e.g 中。上述代码可以变为:
photos_with_credits = Photo.with_creator.with_editor
您可以将请求存储在变量中,然后添加 SQL 片段:
all_time = photos_with_credits.count
this_month = photos_with_credits.where(photos[:created_at].gteq(Date.today.beginning_of_month))
recent_photos = photos_with_credits.where(photos[:created_at].gteq(Date.today.beginning_of_month)).limit(5)