Sequel 速查表

本文根据 Devhints / Sequel 翻译。代码示例及版本范围沿用原文。

关于

Sequel 是一个针对 Ruby 的数据库工具包。

• https://github.com/jeremyevans/sequel

打开数据库

require 'rubygems'
require 'sequel'

DB = Sequel.sqlite('my_blog.db')
DB = Sequel.connect('postgres://user:password@localhost/my_db')
DB = Sequel.postgres('my_db', :user => 'user', :password => 'password', :host => 'localhost')
DB = Sequel.ado('mydb')

打开一个 SQLite 内存数据库

如果不提供文件名参数，SQLite 适配器将在内存中创建一个新的 SQLite 数据库。

DB = Sequel.sqlite

记录 SQL 语句

require 'logger'
DB = Sequel.sqlite '', :loggers => [Logger.new($stdout)]
# or
DB.loggers << Logger.new(...)

使用原始 SQL

DB.run "CREATE TABLE users (name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, age INT(3) NOT NULL)"
dataset = DB["SELECT age FROM users WHERE name = ?", name]
dataset.map(:age)
DB.fetch("SELECT name FROM users") do |row|
  p row[:name]
end

创建数据集

dataset = DB[:items]
dataset = DB.from(:items)

大多数数据集方法支持链式调用

dataset = DB[:managers].where(:salary => 5000..10000).order(:name, :department)

插入行

dataset.insert(:name => 'Sharon', :grade => 50)

检索行

dataset.each{|r| p r}
dataset.all # => [{...}, {...}, ...]
dataset.first # => {...}

更新/删除行

dataset.filter(~:active).delete
dataset.filter('price < ?', 100).update(:active => true)

数据集是可枚举的 (Enumerable)

dataset.map{|r| r[:name]}
dataset.map(:name) # same as above

dataset.inject(0){|sum, r| sum + r[:value]}
dataset.sum(:value) # same as above

过滤（另请参阅 doc/dataset_filtering.rdoc）

相等

dataset.filter(:name => 'abc')
dataset.filter('name = ?', 'abc')

不等

dataset.filter{value > 100}
dataset.exclude{value <= 100}

包含

dataset.filter(:value => 50..100)
dataset.where{(value >= 50) & (value <= 100)}

dataset.where('value IN ?', [50,75,100])
dataset.where(:value=>[50,75,100])

dataset.where(:id=>other_dataset.select(:other_id))

作为标量值的子查询

dataset.where('price > (SELECT avg(price) + 100 FROM table)')
dataset.filter{price > dataset.select(avg(price) + 100)}

LIKE/正则表达式

DB[:items].filter(:name.like('AL%'))
DB[:items].filter(:name => /^AL/)

AND/OR/NOT

DB[:items].filter{(x > 5) & (y > 10)}.sql
# SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((x > 5) AND (y > 10))

DB[:items].filter({:x => 1, :y => 2}.sql_or & ~{:z => 3}).sql
# SELECT * FROM items WHERE (((x = 1) OR (y = 2)) AND (z != 3))

数学运算符

DB[:items].filter((:x + :y) > :z).sql
# SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((x + y) > z)

DB[:items].filter{price - 100 < avg(price)}.sql
# SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((price - 100) < avg(price))

排序

dataset.order(:kind)
dataset.reverse_order(:kind)
dataset.order(:kind.desc, :name)

Limit/Offset（限制/偏移）

dataset.limit(30) # LIMIT 30
dataset.limit(30, 10) # LIMIT 30 OFFSET 10

连接 (Joins)

DB[:items].left_outer_join(:categories, :id => :category_id).sql
# SELECT * FROM items LEFT OUTER JOIN categories ON categories.id = items.category_id

DB[:items].join(:categories, :id => :category_id).join(:groups, :id => :items__group_id)
# SELECT * FROM items INNER JOIN categories ON categories.id = items.category_id INNER JOIN groups ON groups.id = items.group_id

聚合函数方法

dataset.count #=> record count
dataset.max(:price)
dataset.min(:price)
dataset.avg(:price)
dataset.sum(:stock)

dataset.group_and_count(:category)
dataset.group(:category).select(:category, :AVG.sql_function(:price))

SQL 函数 / 字面量

dataset.update(:updated_at => :NOW.sql_function)
dataset.update(:updated_at => 'NOW()'.lit)

dataset.update(:updated_at => "DateValue('1/1/2001')".lit)
dataset.update(:updated_at => :DateValue.sql_function('1/1/2001'))

模式 (Schema) 操作

DB.create_table :items do
  primary_key :id
  String :name, :unique => true, :null => false
  TrueClass :active, :default => true
  foreign_key :category_id, :categories
  DateTime :created_at

  index :created_at
end

DB.drop_table :items

DB.create_table :test do
  String :zipcode
  enum :system, :elements => ['mac', 'linux', 'windows']
end

别名 (Aliasing)

DB[:items].select(:name.as(:item_name))
DB[:items].select(:name___item_name)
DB[:items___items_table].select(:items_table__name___item_name)
# SELECT items_table.name AS item_name FROM items AS items_table

事务

DB.transaction do
  dataset.insert(:first_name => 'Inigo', :last_name => 'Montoya')
  dataset.insert(:first_name => 'Farm', :last_name => 'Boy')
end # Either both are inserted or neither are inserted

Database#transaction 是可重入的：

DB.transaction do # BEGIN issued only here
  DB.transaction
    dataset << {:first_name => 'Inigo', :last_name => 'Montoya'}
  end
end # COMMIT issued only here

如果发生错误，事务将被中止：

DB.transaction do
  raise "some error occurred"
end # ROLLBACK issued and the error is re-raised

也可以通过抛出 Sequel::Rollback 来中止事务：

DB.transaction do
  raise(Sequel::Rollback) if something_bad_happened
end # ROLLBACK issued and no error raised

如果数据库支持，可以使用保存点 (Savepoints)：

DB.transaction do
  dataset << {:first_name => 'Farm', :last_name => 'Boy'} # Inserted
  DB.transaction(:savepoint=>true) # This savepoint is rolled back
    dataset << {:first_name => 'Inigo', :last_name => 'Montoya'} # Not inserted
    raise(Sequel::Rollback) if something_bad_happened
  end
  dataset << {:first_name => 'Prince', :last_name => 'Humperdink'} # Inserted
end

其他：

dataset.sql # "SELECT * FROM items"
dataset.delete_sql # "DELETE FROM items"
dataset.where(:name => 'sequel').exists # "EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM items WHERE name = 'sequel' )"
dataset.columns #=> array of columns in the result set, does a SELECT
DB.schema(:items) => [[:id, {:type=>:integer, ...}], [:name, {:type=>:string, ...}], ...]

---

文档

http://sequel.rubyforge.org/rdoc/files/doc/association_basics_rdoc.html
http://sequel.rubyforge.org/rdoc/classes/Sequel/Schema/Generator.html
http://sequel.rubyforge.org/rdoc/files/doc/validations_rdoc.html
http://sequel.rubyforge.org/rdoc/classes/Sequel/Model.html

修改表 (Alter table)

database.alter_table :deals do
  add_column :name, String
  drop_column :column_name
  rename_column :from, :to

  add_constraint :valid_name, :name.like('A%')
  drop_constraint :constraint

  add_full_text_index :body
  add_spacial_index [columns]

  add_index :price
  drop_index :index

  add_foreign_key :artist_id, :table
  add_primary_key :id
  add_unique_constraint [columns]
  set_column_allow_null :foo, false
  set_column_default :title, ''

  set_column_type :price, 'char(10)'
end

模型关联

class Deal < Sequel::Model

  # Us (left) <=> Them (right)
  many_to_many  :images,
    left_key:   :deal_id,
    right_key:  :image_id,
    join_table: :image_links

  one_to_many   :files,
    key:        :deal_id,
    class:      :DataFile,

  many_to_one   :parent, class: self
  one_to_many   :children, key: :parent_id, class: self

  one_to_many :gold_albums, class: :Album do |ds|
    ds.filter { copies_sold > 50000 }
  end

由 many_to_many 提供

Deal[1].images
Deal[1].add_image
Deal[1].remove_image
Deal[1].remove_all_images

验证

def validate
    super
    errors.add(:name, 'cannot be empty') if !name || name.empty?

    validates_presence [:title, :site]
    validates_unique :name
    validates_format /\Ahttps?:\/\//, :website, :message=>'is not a valid URL'
    validates_includes %w(a b c), :type
    validates_integer :rating
    validates_numeric :number
    validates_type String, [:title, :description]

    validates_integer :rating  if new?

    # options: :message =>, :allow_nil =>, :allow_blank =>,
    #          :allow_missing =>,

    validates_exact_length 17, :isbn
    validates_min_length 3, :name
    validates_max_length 100, :name
    validates_length_range 3..100, :name

    # Setter override
    def filename=(name)
      @values[:filename] = name
    end
  end
end

deal.errors

模型相关内容

deal = Deal[1]
deal.changed_columns
deal.destroy  # Calls hooks
deal.delete   # No hooks
deal.exists?
deal.new?
deal.hash  # Only uniques
deal.keys  #=> [:id, :name]
deal.modified!
deal.modified?

deal.lock!

回调

before_create
after_create

before_validation
after_validation
before_save
before_update
UPDATE QUERY
after_update
after_save

before_destroy
DELETE QUERY
after_destroy

Schema（模式）

class Deal < Sequel::Model
  set_schema do
    primary_key :id
    primary_key [:id, :title]
    String :name, primary_key: true

    String  :title
    Numeric :price
    DateTime :expires

    unique :whatever
    check(:price) { num > 0 }

    foreign_key :artist_id
    String :artist_name, key: :id

    index :title
    index [:artist_id, :name]
    full_text_index :title

    # String, Integer, Fixnum, Bignum, Float, Numeric, BigDecimal,
    # Date, DateTime, Time, File, TrueClass, FalseClass
  end
end

解除主键限制

Category.create id: 'travel'   # error
Category.unrestrict_primary_key
Category.create id: 'travel'   # ok